Why did the Messenger (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) marry a number of women?
Fatwas of the Permanent Committee Says :
With Allah is the Perfect Wisdom. It is His Wisdom that He (Glorified be He) made it Mubah (permissible) for men to marry more than one wife, whether in the previous Shari`ahs (Divine laws) or in the Shari`ah (Islamic law) that was revealed to our Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Polygamy was not thus peculiar to our Prophet (peace be upon him). Rather, Ya`qub (Jacob, peace be upon him) had two wives. Also, Sulayman (Solomon, peace be upon him) married ninety nine wives at the same time, and he had sexual intercourse with all of them on the same night hoping that Allah would grant him a son from each one of his wives that would fight for the cause of Allah.
Polygamy is not a Bid`ah (innovation) in Din (religion). It is not against sound mind or the requirements of Fitrah (natural disposition). Rather, permissibility of polygamy is a manifestation of Allah’s Wisdom. The number of women is more than that of men as statistics always show. Man may have the energy that requires him to have more than one wife to satisfy his sexual appetite through the Halal (lawful) means instead of committing something Haram (prohibited) or repressing his needs.
A wife may fall sick or have menstruation or postpartum that prevent sexual intercourse, a husband then may need to have another wife to satisfy his sexual appetite instead of repressing his desire or committing adultery. Since polygamy is Mubah and acceptable by sound minds, Fitrah and Shari`ah; some of the previous prophets practiced it, and necessity may require its practicing; so it is not strange that our Prophet Muhammad(peace be upon him) practiced it. Scholars mention some other wisdoms for which the Prophet married more than one wife at the same time. Amongst these wisdoms was to strengthen the relations between the Prophet (peace be upon him) and some tribes through marriage, hoping that doing so would add to the power of Islam and help in its spread as it increases friendliness and consolidates ties of love and brotherhood.
Another wisdom was to support some widows and compensate them with that which is better than what they lost, as a consolation for them to help them endure their misfortunes, and legislating a Sunnah (a commendable act) for the Ummah (nation) to do good to widows whose husbands are killed in Jihad (fighting in the Cause of Allah) etc. Besides, scholars mention that amongst the wisdoms for which the Prophet (peace be upon him) practiced polygamy was to increase his offspring as to respond to the call of Fitrah, to increase the number of the Ummah, and to reinforce the latter with those who may help it to support and spread Din.
Finally, increasing the number of female knowledgeable believers who would teach and advise the Ummah according to what they learnt from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) and knew about his personal character was one of the wisdoms for which the Prophet (peace be upon him) married more than one wife.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) did not marry more than one wife at the same time to satisfy his sexual appetite, for it is narrated that the Prophet did not marry a virgin or a young woman except `Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her). The rest of the Prophet’s wives were not virgins. Had the Prophet’s sexual appetite been the reason for his practicing polygamy; he would have chosen only the young virgins to satisfy his appetite. The Prophet (peace be upon him) did not choose to marry young virgins even though after migration many lands were opened,
(Part No. 19; Page No. 173)
Muslims started to have their own state, became more powerful, their number increased, and every family wished if they could have a relationship by marriage with the Prophet. Nevertheless, the Prophet (peace be upon him) did not marry such young virgins but he only married for good purposes which are obvious for whoever considers the circumstances of the Prophet’s marriage to each one of his wives. Similarly, had the Prophet been lustful, this would have been known from his biography during his youth and physical strength, but at that time, he (peace be upon him) had no wives at all other than his honorable wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid who was older than him.
Likewise, had he (peace be upon him) been lustful; he would have been known for doing injustice to his wives regarding dividing his time and care between them. They were of different degrees of beauty and age but the Prophet was known for his justice to them, for his perfect chastity, and protection of his private parts when he was a young man and during his old age. This signifies that the Prophet was on an exalted standard of character and acted righteously with regard to all his affairs until he was renowned for this amongst his enemies. May Allah grant us success. May peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, and Companions.
Source : alifta.net
———-
Wisdom behind Prophet Muhammad’s practice of polygyny
General Presidency of Scholarly Research and Ifta Says :
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) married to several wives following his migration to Al-Madinah. His practice of polygyny was not something novel, as polygyny was widely practiced by all people and nations. Some societies allowed unlimited number of wives until some men had more than seven hundred wives, not including slave women.
Some Arabs were reported to have taken in marriage more than ten wives. When Ghaylan ibn Salamah Al-Thaqafy embraced Islam, he was married to ten wives. The Prophet (peace be upon him) instructed him, saying: Choose four of them (and divorce the rest).
Polygamy was also practiced by the ancient Greeks in Athens, China, Babylonia, Assyria, ancient Egypt, and the Jews were also polygamous. Prophet Sulayman (Solomon, peace be upon him) had seven hundred free women as wives and three hundred slave women.
Al-Bukhari related in his Sahih (authentic) Book of Hadith: Sulayman (the son of) Dawud (David) said, ‘Tonight I will go to a hundred women, each of whom will give birth to a boy who will fight in the Cause of Allah.’ The Angel said to him, ‘Say: In sha’a-Allah (If it be the Will of Allah).’ But he did not say so, as he forgot. He went to them but none of them gave birth, apart from one woman who gave birth to half a child. The Prophet (peace be upon him) further said, ‘Had he said: In sha’a-Allah, he would not have broken his oath and he would have had more hope of fulfilling his wish.’ The Christian church also permitted polygyny and did not object to it.
The Prophet’s marriage to nine wives at the same time was merely an implementation of Divine Instructions and Wisdom. Allah (Exalted be He) states:
So when Zaid had accomplished his desire from her (i.e. divorced her), We gave her to you in marriage, so that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of (the marriage of) the wives of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them (i.e. they have divorced them). And Allâh’s Command must be fulfilled. There is no blame on the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) in that which Allâh has made legal for him. That has been Allâh’s Way with those who have passed away of (the Prophets of) old.
Stating the fact that it is Allah Who made it lawful for His Messenger to marry several wives, He revealed:
O Prophet (Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم)! Verily, We have made lawful to you your wives, to whom you have paid their Mahr (bridal-money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage), and those (slaves) whom your right hand possesses – whom Allâh has given to you Allah then limited the number of the Messenger’s wives to nine, all of whom he was forbidden to divorce. Allah (Glorified and Exalted be He) states:
It is not lawful for you (to marry other) women after this, nor to change them for other wives even though their beauty attracts you
Therefore, the marriages of the Prophet (peace be upon him) were all necessitated by Divine Command. It is not permissible to compare other cases with that of the Prophet (peace be upon him). This matter was restricted to the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) alone.
None among the Muslim Ummah (nation) is permitted to marry beyond four women under the pretext that the Prophet (peace be upon him) married nine women.
Those who criticize the Prophet of Islam and brand Muslims as lustful are in manifest error. Worse still, we find Muslims who level blasphemous charges at the Prophet (peace be upon him) and take the subject of his marriages in jest. Had true faith entered their hearts, they would not have allowed such thoughts to occupy their minds. Had they carefully examined the circumstances that surrounded each marriage, they would have thought otherwise. The Prophet (peace be upon him) contracted marriages either to protect and support a widowed woman, or bring comfort to the families whose hearts were broken by the death of their beloved father, or to cement the bonds of love with the clan of his wives, or to honor a free woman who fulfilled Allah’s Command and went against the traditions of her society by marrying a slave rather than a master seeking the Good Pleasure of Allah.
Had the Prophet (peace be upon him) been lustful, he would have opted to marry when he was in his prime youth, a period when desire for sexual gratification is at its peak. However, he married several wives only after he had grown into old age, when his desire for women had weakened. At the young age of twenty-five, he was married to only one wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (may Allah be pleased with her), who was fifteen years older than him. She was forty while he was only twenty-five. He remained with her until she died.
It should also be noted that all the women whom he (peace be upon him) married had been married previously, except `Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) The wives of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) were:
1- Sawdah bint Zam‘ah ibn Qays Al-Qurashiyyah (may Allah be pleased with her): The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) got married to her following the death of her husband, Al-Sakran ibn ‘Amr ibn ‘Abd Shams. This took place after the death of his wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, in Makkah and before his migration to Al-Madinah.
When she grew old, she gave up her day and night to ‘Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her).
2- ‘Aishah bint Al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with her): The Prophet (peace be upon him) contracted marriage with her before Sawdah. However, he did not consummate marriage with her until after its consummation with Sawdah. Among all his wives ‘Aishah was the only virgin whom the Prophet (peace be upon him) married. His marriage to ‘Aishah was meant to strengthen the bonds of kinship with Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, the first man to embrace Islam and to support and believe in every word the Prophet (peace be upon him) uttered. He also sacrificed all his wealth for the sake of Allah.
3- Hafsah bint ‘Umar ibn Al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with her): The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) took her in marriage although she was a previously married woman who lacked feminine charm. The Prophet (peace be upon him) married her because of the close relationship he had with her father.
4- Um Salamah Hind bint Suhayl Al-Makhzumiyyah (may Allah be pleased with her): The Prophet (peace be upon him) married her following the death of her husband, Abu Salamah ibn ‘Abdul-Asad. His intention was to support her children. When the Prophet (peace be upon him) proposed to marry her, she said: “A woman like me is not suitable for marriage. I have become a barren woman, and I am jealous and have children.” The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) replied: I am older than you; as for jealousy, Allah will remove it, and as for children Allah and His Messenger are responsible for them. The Prophet (peace be upon him) then married her.
5- Zaynab bint Jahsh (may Allah be pleased with her): The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) married her after she was divorced by her husband Zayd ibn Harithah, the freed slave (and adopted son) of the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him). The Prophet (peace be upon him) was rewarding her compliance with Allah’s Command. It was through this marriage that Allah established the permissibility of marrying the wife of one’s adopted son, a matter which was difficult for the community at that time to undertake. Allah (Exalted be He) states:
So when Zaid had accomplished his desire from her (i.e. divorced her), We gave her to you in marriage, so that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of (the marriage of) the wives of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them (i.e. they have divorced them). And Allâh’s Command must be fulfilled.
6- Um Habibah bint Abu Sufyan (may Allah be pleased with her): The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) married her after her husband, `Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh, apostatized from Islam. She stayed away from him until he died.
She was in her thirties when the Prophet (peace be upon him) married her. He contracted the marriage while she was in Abyssinia (Ethiopia), The Prophet (peace be upon him) authorized Al-Najashy to conclude the marriage contract. Her authorizer was Khalid ibn Sa‘id ibn Al-‘As. Al-Najashy gave her four hundred Dinars as Sadaq (mandatory gift to a bride from the groom). This took place in the seventh year of Hijrah (the Prophet’s migration to Madinah).
7- Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith (may Allah be pleased with her): The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) married her after her husband Musani‘ ibn Safwan was killed on the Battle of Al-Muraysi‘. The Prophet (peace be upon him) intended to honor her people by this marriage relationship with them, especially after they had been taken as war captives in the Battle of Banu Al-Mustaliq.
8- Safiyyah bint Huyay ibn Akhtab (may Allah be pleased with her): The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) married her to bring solace to her broken heart following the murder of her father, paternal uncle and husband.
9- Maymunah bint Al-Harith Al-Hilaliyyah (may Allah be pleased with her): The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) married her following the death of her husband, Abu Rahm ibn `Abdul-`Uzza Al-`Amiry. This marriage took place in the seventh year of Hijrah. She (may Allah be pleased with her) was approaching forty by that time.
Source : alifta.net